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Should you’ve taken pre-workout, it could be the difference between a good workout and an epic training session. The buzzing energy, laser-sharp focus, and improved physical performance is sufficient to get you hooked. That’s, until you experience jitters, anxiety, and the inevitable caffeine crash, leaving you irritable and fatigued. 

But don’t throw within the towel on pre-workouts just yet. A stim-free pre-workout could be the solution to achieving electric lifting sessions without the uncomfortable unintended effects of potent stimulants like caffeine. In this text, we share the most effective non-stim pre-workout supplements that provides you with the energy to destroy your next workout. 

Medical disclaimer: This text is meant for educational and informational purposes only. It is just not intended as an alternative to medical advice. For health advice, contact a licensed healthcare provider.

How We Selected the Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout

At Breaking Muscle, we work with a team of reviewers and fitness experts who use lots of the most effective pre-workouts on a near-daily basis. We’ve tested over 50 pre-workouts, including nearly a dozen stim-free products.

To create the list below, we specifically selected the best-non stim pre-workout supplements based on aspects like quality ingredients, label transparency, flavors, taste, and budget. Our goal is to share products with evidence-based ingredients that improve focus, power, and endurance. We intentionally included goal-specific formulas for muscle growth, increased strength, and recovery. 

We included products with a wide range of flavors and price points to supply something for each taste preference and budget. Ultimately, it’s necessary to us to share reputable brands and products with high rankings and effective formulations to support you in your fitness journey. 

Our Top Picks for the Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout Supplements

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout Overall: Transparent Labs Stim-Free Pre-Workout

Pros

• Accommodates citrulline malate, beta-alanine, and taurine for improved performance and recovery
• Includes BCAAs for muscle protein synthesis
• No artificial sweeteners or preservatives
• Third-party tested

Cons

• Not probably the most budget-friendly in comparison with others that cost $1.00 per serving 

Transparent Labs Stim-Free Pre-Workout includes 13 lively ingredients to reinforce focus and endurance without caffeine. With ingredients like citrulline malate, beta-alanine, and taurine, it’s strategically designed to get you amped up for a high-intensity workout.

The clinically effective dose of eight grams of citrulline malate steals the show on this pre-workout. Citrulline malate converts to nitric oxide, which can improve muscle function and performance by enhancing blood flow and oxygen delivery to the muscles. (1) 

One other key ingredient, beta-alanine (4 grams), improves muscle endurance, reduces muscle fatigue, and promotes muscle constructing. (2) Should you’ve ever experienced itchy palms or arms after taking pre-workout, you may blame beta-alanine. Our product reviewer noted that she experienced intense tingling and itchy lips and fingertips after taking this product. But don’t worry, it’s just temporary — she found that it went away after about quarter-hour.

Much more, Stim-Free comprises betaine anhydrous, taurine, and L-tyrosine. Betaine has been shown to assist improve body composition, muscle size, and power in resistance-trained individuals (3). Studies show that taurine may boost physical performance and support muscle recovery after a workout. (4) Finally, L-tyrosine may allow for greater mental focus and endurance. 

As in case you weren’t already impressed, Stim-Free also comprises high-quality branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), known for his or her role in muscle protein synthesis (the production of latest muscle) and reducing soreness.

We could go on and on, but we expect it’s fair to say Transparent Lab’s stim-free pre-workout is full of research-backed ingredients. It’s third-party tested for banned substances and to be certain that what you see on the label is what you get. 

The product is available in eight flavors, including sour grape, peach mango, and cherry limeade. Flavors are naturally coloured and sweetened with stevia. Customer reviews on the Transparent Labs website are overwhelmingly positive. One customer says, “Great taste to go together with the good pump, higher performance, and no jitters or trouble sleeping.”

One in every of Breaking Muscle’s product reviewers agrees. She noted that the Cherry Limeade flavor was tart but not too sweet and noticed a solid muscle pump after taking it. One other considered one of our reviewers found it difficult to mix well in a shaker bottle, but says this shouldn’t be a dealbreaker in case you drink it quickly.

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout for Pump: Legion Pulse Stim Free

Pros

• Accommodates citrulline malate, beta-alanine, and betaine for improved performance and power
• Made with 100-percent natural ingredients 
• Third-party tested

Cons

• Sweetened with erythritol, a sugar alcohol that could be linked to blood clotting 
• Dearer than other options that cost lower than $2.00 per serving

Legion Pulse Stim-Free pre-workout is made with 100-percent natural ingredients derived from plants and animals. It doesn’t contain caffeine, however it’s stacked with 4 performance-enhancing ingredients for the last word pump. 

With eight grams of citrulline malate, Pulse supports nitric oxide production for higher blood flow and nutrient delivery to the muscles, which can increase muscular endurance and strength performance. (1) 

Other key ingredients include beta-alanine (3.6 grams), betaine (2.5 grams), and alpha-GPC (300 milligrams), to scale back exercise-induced fatigue, promote muscle gains, and increase power. (1)(2) One study indicated that alpha-GPC may increase physical power greater than caffeine, but more research is required. (5) 

Legion Pulse Stim-Free is available in seven flavors which might be naturally sweetened with stevia and erythritol. Erythritol is a sugar alcohol that’s gotten numerous heat recently for brand new studies suggesting it’s correlated with blood clotting. Nevertheless, this must be further studied. (6) 

Customers give this product a double thumbs up for taste and effectiveness. One customer review on the Legion website says, “Smooth clean taste. Love the flavour. Keeps my focus to push through the workouts. Increased performance.”

This complement is third-party tested, so you may have comfort knowing it’s freed from banned substances and doesn’t contain harmful amounts of other contaminants.

At over $2.00 per serving, Legion Pulse Stim-Free is dearer than another options, but in case you’re in search of a pre-workout made with natural ingredients that can get you pumped, this generally is a solid alternative. 

Best Inexpensive Non-Stim Pre-Workout: Jacked Factory Pumpsurge Caffeine-Free Pre-Workout

Pros

• Accommodates L-citrulline, betaine, and taurine for improved workout performance
• Includes nootropics for enhanced focus 
• Most inexpensive option on this list

Cons

• Not third-party tested
• Only three flavors
• Sweetened with artificial sweeteners

Jacked Factory Pumpsurge pre-workout is formulated with performance-enhancing boosters and nootropic ingredients to advertise mental focus and explosive muscle pumps, and you may take it at night without worrying about not falling asleep. 

The major ingredient, L-citrulline (five grams), is a non-essential amino acid (meaning the body can produce it by itself) that increases nitric oxide, which boosts blood flow and nutrient delivery to muscles. Nitric oxide may contribute to improved muscle fullness and growth. Moreover, L-citrulline may improve strength and power during a bodybuilding workout. (7)

Other major ingredients include betaine and taurine. Research suggests betaine could enhance muscle size and body composition when combined with resistance training. (3) Moreover, taurine may improve muscle recovery and boost endurance. (4)

What’s more, this pre-workout comprises alpha-GPC, commonly classified as a nootropic for its potential ability to enhance cognitive function. Alpha-GPC could support higher memory, learning, and focus. 

Pumpsurge is accessible in Cherry Limeade, Strawberry Lemonade, and Watermelon. All options are flavored with citric acid, natural flavors, and sucralose. Sucralose is a man-made sweetener that’s considered secure to be used in food. (8) 

Customer reviews on Amazon leave this product a 4.2 out of 5 stars rating. One customer writes, “I needed a non-stim pre-workout attributable to anxiety and heart palpitations and these items is ideal! The pump is great and offers me the energy I want to get through a workout.”

On the downside, this product isn’t third-party tested. Third-party tested products are tested for banned substances and potentially harmful contaminants. Ideally, supplements are third-party tested so that customers know exactly what they’re ingesting. 

At $1.00 per serving, this product is probably the most inexpensive stim-free pre-workout on our list. That’s a bargain that’s hard to beat. 

RELATED: Best Protein Powders for Weight Loss, Muscle Gain, and More

Best All-Natural Non-Stim Pre-Workout: Naked Nutrition Pre-Workout

Pros

• Plant-based ingredients 
• Made with functional, patented ingredients to spice up exercise performance and focus 
• A whopping 50 servings per container
• Third-party tested

Cons

• Some customers complain concerning the taste
• Only is available in the unflavored option

Naked Nutrition’s All-Natural Non-Stim pre-workout is made with 11 non-GMO, vegan, and gluten-free ingredients. It’s formulated with ingredients and micronutrients that may enhance athletic performance without the caffeine crash. 

You get two grams of CarnoSyn beta-alanine and 0.5 grams of Nitrosigine arginine silicate inositol to advertise nitric oxide production for improved blood flow, focus, and energy. Nitrosigine has been shown to boost energy levels and increase muscle pump. (9) CarnoSyn is a patented beta-alanine that’s undergone rigorous testing to confirm safety and quality. Over 55 clinical studies indicate that CarnoSyn helps improve focus, muscle growth, and endurance. 

Like many other pre-workouts, this includes citrulline malate (one gram) for improved muscle function and performance. Nevertheless, the dose is lower than the really helpful dose of eight grams day by day. It also comprises B vitamins (niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate) for efficient energy production.

This all-natural stim-free pre-workout is made without artificial sweeteners, colours, and flavors. Customer reviews on Amazon generally disapprove of the “unflavored” taste, but approve of the product’s effectiveness. One customer says, “The taste is terrible however the product works. I take it half-hour before my workout and I get numerous energy.”

We haven’t tried the non-stim version, but we now have tested the caffeinated pre-workout and agree with this customer’s sentiments. It tastes bitter when mixed in water. We recommend mixing it in a flavored beverage to mask the taste. You’ll be able to even mix it together with your favorite whey protein powder for a pre-workout snack.

The product is independently third-party tested, and you may feel confident that you simply won’t be ingesting toxic levels of heavy metals when taking it. 

It’s priced at an inexpensive $1.20 per serving — not bad for an all-natural stim-free pre-workout and cheaper than other products whose quality isn’t pretty much as good. 

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout With Creatine: Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim Free

Pros

• Includes creatine HCL for muscle growth
• Made with functional, patented ingredients to spice up exercise performance and focus 
• Includes BCAAs
• Third-party tested

Cons

• Only two flavors to pick from 
• Less inexpensive than several other options under $2.00 per serving 

Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim-Free is full of ingredients to provide help to dominate your next lifting session. It’s considered one of the few non-stim pre-workouts with creatine HCL (1.5 grams) for maximized strength and power.

Creatine is understood to reinforce muscle function and speed up muscle gains. Creatine monohydrate is probably the most researched and popular creatine available on the market, but creatine HCL is beginning to climb the list of the most effective creatine supplements. Research suggests that creatine HCL could possibly be more absorbable and end in greater body composition changes. (10)

L-citrulline (6.5 grams) is the major ingredient of Pre-Kaged Stim-Free. As mentioned before, L-citrulline increases nitric oxide production and enhances blood flow to muscles. L-citrulline may improve strength, physical performance, and recovery. (7)

Unlike another stim-free supplements, this one comprises BCAA’s to maximise muscle protein synthesis and aid in recovery. Leucine is very necessary for exciting muscle growth and inhibiting muscle degradation. 

Other ingredients include BetaPower betaine anhydrous and Carnosyn beta-alanine to activate strength, endurance, and muscle growth.

Much more, Pre-Kaged Stim-Free includes B vitamins and L-tyrosine for improved energy and focus. Vitamin B12 supplementation has been shown to enhance memory and a focus in those that were deficient. (11)

There are only two flavor decisions — Cherry Bomb and Fruit Punch. Each are naturally flavored and contain one gram of sugar. Customers who left reviews on the Kaged website generally approve of the taste. One customer says, “Among the finest formulated pre-workouts available on the market and great tasting, which is a bonus.”

The Breaking Muscle staff agrees. One in every of our product testers gave this pre-workout a solid 4.5 stars out 5. He used it before his afternoon workouts and loved the strong pump he got from it. He tried the Strawberry Lemonade flavor, which is not any longer available as of this writing, but noted that it tasted identical to a strawberry lemonade you’d get from a restaurant.

Breaking Muscle Reviews Editor Amanda Dvorak has also tried the Fruit Punch flavor in Kaged’s Pre-Kaged Sport pre-workout and claims that it’s her favorite flavor out of each other pre-workout she’s used. We expect it’s secure to say that the Fruit Punch flavor within the non-stim formula is just as tasty.

At $2.25 per serving, Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim-Free pre-workout is on the dearer side, however it’s stuffed with energy-producing, performance-enhancing ingredients that may make it value it. 

Best Tasting Non-Stim Pre-Workout: Ghost Pump Nitric Oxide 

Pros

• Includes nitric oxide boosting ingredients for a fantastic pump
• Accommodates vitamin C to guard cells from damage attributable to free radicals
• Customer-approved taste

Cons

• Not third-party tested
• Customers mention product residue at the underside of their cups

Ghost Pump Nitric Oxide pre-workout is formulated to offer you a large pump without the stimulants. Ingredients are vegan-friendly, soy-free, and gluten-free.

You’ll be able to pick from Sour Watermelon, Pineapple, Peach, or ‘Natty’ (a.k.a unflavored). Flavors are sweetened with stevia extract and contain zero grams of sugar. 

If one thing’s of course, customers love the flavour of Ghost Pump Nitric Oxide pre-workout. On Amazon, one customer review says, “I had pineapple, which was tasty. Mixes pretty dang easily and in a full scoop only left a tiny amount of residue at the underside of the cup.” One other customer that approves of the taste says, “That is a fantastic tasting complement and delivers the outcomes essential for successful workouts.”

The three grams of L-citrulline provide blood flow enhancement, which can bolster strength and support recovery. (7) Arginine nitrate (1.5 grams) also improves nitric oxide production for higher oxygen delivery to the muscles and will enhance exercise performance and endurance. The ultimate major ingredient, taurine (one gram), may amplify strength and power and play a job in recovery. (4)

Exercise can increase the production of free-radicals within the body, contributing to cellular damage and disease over time. Nevertheless, Pump Nitric Oxide comprises PureWay-C, a source of vitamin C that supports the immune system and protects cells from damage attributable to free radicals. 

The product isn’t third-party tested, which can deter athletes who value knowing that what they see on the label is what they’re getting within the product. 

At $1.00 per serving, this tasty non-stim pre-workout gives you the ingredients you would like for a robust pump at a superb price. 

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout for Focus: Genius Pre-Workout Powder

Pros

• Made with ergogenic ingredients that increase nitric oxide levels
• Formulated with nootropics for higher cognitive function and focus 
• Freed from artificial flavors and sweeteners

Cons

• Not third-party tested
• Dearer than other options that cost $1.00 per serving

Genius Pre is a caffeine-free, nootropic-based pre-workout stacked with ingredients to provide help to expand your physical capabilities. Not only that however it’s formulated with cognitive-enhancing ingredients to provide help to stay within the zone during your workout. 

A Breaking Muscle product tester who tried this pre-workout appreciated how focused it made him during his workout. He says, “It almost felt like taking a mood stabilizer…I used to be relaxed, not stimulated; clear, and able to take motion.”

Genius Pre is full of effective doses of citrulline malate (six grams), CarnoSyn beta alanine (two grams) and betaine (two grams) to raise nitric oxide production, boost blood flow, and strengthen the mind-muscle connection for stronger, more powerful workouts.

Apart from these ergogenic ingredients, Genius Pre comprises nootropics for improved cognitive function. L-tyrosine has been shown to enhance cognitive flexibility during task-switching performance. (12) Furthermore, alpha-GPC may support focus and memory so that you’re fully engaged in your training session. Huperzine A has also been shown to enhance cognitive function in certain populations, though its effects on exercised individuals should not well studied. 

Genius Pre is accessible in 4 flavors, including Sour Apple and Blue Raspberry. We especially love the Blue Raspberry flavor, which reminds us of a blue slushee. The product is freed from artificial flavors and sweeteners and is sweetened with stevia.

Regarding taste and solubility, one customer review on Amazon says, “The taste is surprisingly good, which makes it enjoyable to drink. My only minor concern is that it tends to clump up occasionally, but just a few extra shakes solve that.”

It’s not third-party tested, which could discourage consumers who value knowing exactly what’s of their supplements. 

At $1.89 per serving, it is probably not the most effective option for those with a decent budget, however the nootropics may warrant the additional spending. 

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout for Muscle Gain: Swolverine PRE

Pros

• Accommodates functional ingredients like citrulline malate to enhance muscle function and strength for the last word gains 
• Includes antioxidant-rich ingredients that reduce inflammation and support hydration
• Freed from artificial flavors and sweeteners

Cons

• Not third-party tested
• Only 2 flavors to pick from 
• Dearer than other options that cost $1.00 per serving

Swolverine PRE natural non-stim pre-workout combines performance-improving ingredients and antioxidant-rich superfoods for a really unique formula. This gluten-free, vegan product is designed to provide help to work out harder and longer to realize maximum gains. 

Together, citrulline malate (5 grams), beta-alanine (3.2 grams), betaine (2.5 grams), and L-carnitine (1.5 grams) delay muscle fatigue, improve body composition and muscular performance, increase power output, and aid in recovery. These functional ingredients serve to fuel harder training sessions to trigger muscle growth. 

Moreover, Swolverine PRE comprises antioxidant-rich ingredients for improved blood flow and cognition. Coconut water powder comprises electrolytes that support hydration. Ginseng is an adaptogen that will reduce stress and inflammation. (13) 

Swolverine PRE is available in two unique flavors — Mango Lemonade and Strawberry Dragonfruit. Flavors are sweetened with stevia and never contain artificial flavors or sweeteners. One Breaking Muscle reviews team member enjoys the refreshing taste of the Mango Lemonade flavor but noted that he tasted more mango than lemonade.

One customer review on the Swolverine website says, “Works well – definitely provides a lift in energy and focus. Tastes good. No unintended effects aside from the expected beta-alanine tingles.”

The product isn’t third-party tested for banned substances and contaminants, and it’s on the dearer side in comparison with others that cost $1.00 per serving. Though it’s pricey, it’s stuffed with ingredients to provide help to gain strength and get swole.

RELATED: Best Protein Powders for Muscle Gain

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout for Recovery: Onnit Total Strength + Performance Stimulant-Free Pre-Workout

Pros

• Accommodates glutamine for muscle repair and recovery 
• Formulated with botanical ingredients that support muscle strength and optimal hormone production
• Third-party tested

Cons

• Customers don’t love the taste
• Dearer than other options that cost $1.00 per serving
• Proprietary blends don’t disclose the quantity per ingredient

Onnit Strength + Performance pre-workout is a mix of adaptogens (substances that may provide help to adapt to emphasize), micronutrients, and BCAAs formulated to advertise physical performance without stimulants. It’s designed with secure, clinically proven ingredients that provides you with the sting you’re in search of without jitters, anxiety, or substances that make you are feeling unlike yourself. 

This non-stim pre-workout comprises three proprietary blends for performance, power, and support.

The performance mix is made with BCAAs, glutamine, and Carnosyn beta-alanine. Glutamine, an amino acid not included in most pre-workout supplements, may also help your muscles rebuild and repair themselves, reduce muscle soreness, and aid in recovery. (14) Carnosyn beta-alanine can improve muscular endurance and fights fatigue. 

The ability mix comprises botanical ingredients like longjack root extract and nettle root extract. These ingredients may elevate testosterone levels and muscle strength. (15)

Finally, the support mix comprises red clover extract for protective antioxidants and to support hormonal balance. It also includes luteolin, which helps reduce inflammation and promote optimal testosterone production. (16)

As if that wasn’t enough, the product comprises B vitamins that support energy production and relieve stress. 

Onnit Strength + Performance is barely available in two flavors — Strawberry Lemonade and Pink Grapefruit. Flavors are sweetened with stevia, maltodextrin, and monk fruit extract. Customers who left reviews on the Onnit website generally agree that the product is effective but doesn’t taste great. One customer writes, “There is certainly a bump in performance with this, especially with no caffeine or stim. Nevertheless, the taste is especially bad.”

The product is third-party tested so you may feel assured you’re not ingesting harmful amounts of toxic contaminants. At $2.00 per serving, it’s pricier than several other options, but with the added glutamine and micronutrients, you could be getting your money’s value. 

What Are the Advantages of a Non-Stim Pre-Workout?

You might already know what pre-workout supplements do, but why must you care about stim-free pre-workouts?

Non-stim pre-workouts often contain nitric oxide boosters that improve blood flow and oxygen delivery to the muscles. Increased nitric oxide production can lead to raised muscle pumps and vascularity. 

They still contain energy-boosting ingredients, like Carnosyn beta-alanine and alpha-GPC, that sharpen focus and increase productivity. Moreover, many include B vitamins for energy production, so you may efficiently convert the food you eat into fuel in your workouts. 

Because they’re freed from caffeine, you don’t need to worry about uncomfortable unintended effects like jitters, a racing heart rate, restlessness, and the inevitable caffeine crash that hits later. You’ll be able to take them before a night or late-night workout without experiencing insomnia when it’s time to get some shut-eye. 

Non-stim pre-workouts might be stacked with other supplements or beverages that will contain caffeine without surpassing what’s considered a secure amount of stimulants. It’s not really helpful to exceed 400 milligrams of caffeine day by day.

They’re ideal for people who’re sensitive to caffeine or other stimulants and would really like to avoid unintended effects while still feeling invigorated while exercising. 

What To Consider When Searching for a Non-Stim Pre-Workout

When choosing a caffeine-free pre-workout, several features needs to be taken into consideration to make sure it’s the most effective fit. 

Price

Should you’re on a decent budget, search for non-stim pre-workout supplements that cost lower than $2.00 per serving. Jacked Factory Pumpsurge Caffeine-Free Pre-Workout and Ghost Pump Nitric Oxide, which each cost around $1.00 per serving, provides you with more bang in your buck. 

Pre-workouts that cost $2.00 per serving or more may include less common pre-workout ingredients like glutamine and creatine. These ingredients are useful for muscle gains and recovery, but they is probably not essential in a pre-workout in case you take them individually or in the event that they’re in one other complement you are taking frequently. 

Ingredients

Common non-stim ingredients include citrulline malate, beta-alanine, betaine, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), and taurine. These ingredients can provide powerful exercise-enhancing advantages. They promote nitric oxide production, improve endurance, stimulate muscle growth, intensify focus, and support recovery. 

Third-Party Testing

Ideally, you need to select products which might be third-party tested. Third-party testing is completed by independent organizations comparable to Informed Alternative or NSF Certified for Sport that provide unbiased evaluations of products to make sure they meet quality standards and consumer safety protocols. They test for potential contaminants and toxins to make sure consumer safety. 

Dosing

Search for non-stim pre-workouts that include ingredients in really helpful dosages for probably the most effective results. For instance, day by day recommendations of L-citrulline and citrulline malate are roughly three to 6 grams and eight grams, respectively. Beta-alanine is effective in doses of roughly two to 5 grams day by day. 

Final Thoughts

Stim-free pre-workout is an efficient tool that may enhance exercise performance without caffeine or other stimulants that may result in unpleasant unintended effects. Using science-based ingredients, like nitric oxide boosters, taurine, and betaine, the most effective non-stim pre-workouts improve endurance, muscle pump, strength, and recovery. These supplements are perfect for athletes who work out within the evenings, are sensitive to stimulants, or need to avoid jitters and caffeine crashes. 

Best Non-Stim Pre-Workout: Side-by-Side Comparison

FAQs

Are non-stim pre-workouts good?

Non-stimulant pre-workouts offer a spread of advantages. They’ll enhance muscle pump, endurance, and recovery, making them an appropriate alternative for people with a sensitivity to caffeine.

What should I search for in a non-stim pre?

When selecting the most effective pre-workout supplements without caffeine, search for performance-enhancing ingredients like citrulline, beta-alanine, and creatine in effective doses. Consider cost per serving, flavor options, and if the product is third-party tested. 

What makes a pre-workout stim-free?

A stim-free pre-workout doesn’t contain caffeine or some other stimulants. As a substitute, they often contain nitric oxide boosters, amino acids, beta-alanine, and citrulline to enhance blood flow, muscular endurance, and overall performance.

What are some good non-stim pre-workouts?

We recommend Transparent Labs Stim-Free Pre-Workout and Kaged Pre-Kaged Stim-Free supplements. They’re strategically designed to support focus, strength, and endurance for probably the most effective workouts. 

Research

1. Gough, L.A., Sparks, S.A., McNaughton, L.R. et al. A critical review of citrulline malate supplementation and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 121, 3283–3295 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04774-6
2. Saunders B, Elliott-Sale K, Artioli GG, et al. β-alanine supplementation to enhance exercise capability and performance: a scientific review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(8):658-669. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096396
3. Cholewa JM, Wyszczelska-Rokiel M, Glowacki R, et al. Effects of betaine on body composition, performance, and homocysteine thiolactone. J Int Soc L-Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):39. Published 2013 Aug 22. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-39
4. Kurtz, J.A., VanDusseldorp, T.A., Doyle, J.A. et al. Taurine in sports and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18, 39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00438-0
5. Parker AG, Byars A, Purpura M, Jäger R. The consequences of alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, caffeine or placebo on markers of mood, cognitive function, power, speed, and agility. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(Suppl 1):P41. Published 2015 Sep 21. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-12-S1-P41
6. Witkowski M, Nemet I, Alamri H, et al. The bogus sweetener erythritol and cardiovascular event risk. Nat Med. 2023;29(3):710-718. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02223-9
7. Gonzalez AM, Trexler ET. Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Review of the Current Literature. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(5):1480-1495. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000003426
8. Grotz VL, Munro IC. An outline of the security of sucralose. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2009;55(1):1-5. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.011
9. Rood-Ojalvo S, Sandler D, Veledar E, Komorowski J. The advantages of inositol-stabilized arginine silicate as a workout ingredient. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2015;12(Suppl 1):P14. Published 2015 Sep 21. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-12-S1-P14
10. França, E. , Avelar, B. , Yoshioka, C. , Santana, J. , Madureira, D. , Rocha, L. , Zocoler, C. , Rossi, F. , Lira, F. , Rodrigues, B. and Caperuto, É. (2015) Creatine HCl and Creatine Monohydrate Improve Strength but Only Creatine HCl Induced Changes on Body Composition in Recreational Weightlifters. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1624-1630. doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.617167.
11. Jatoi S, Hafeez A, Riaz SU, Ali A, Ghauri MI, Zehra M. Low Vitamin B12 Levels: An Underestimated Cause Of Minimal Cognitive Impairment And Dementia. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e6976. Published 2020 Feb 13. doi:10.7759/cureus.6976
12. Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, Hommel B, Colzato LS. Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility: evidence from proactive vs. reactive control during task switching performance. Neuropsychologia. 2015;69:50-55. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.022
13. Lee S, Rhee DK. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Ginseng Res. 2017;41(4):589-594. doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.010
14. Legault Z, Bagnall N, Kimmerly DS. The Influence of Oral L-Glutamine Supplementation on Muscle Strength Recovery and Soreness Following Unilateral Knee Extension Eccentric Exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015;25(5):417-426. doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0209
15. Chen CK, Mohamad WM, Ooi FK, Ismail SB, Abdullah MR, George A. Supplementation of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Extract for six Weeks Does Not Affect Urinary Testosterone: Epitestosterone Ratio, Liver and Renal Functions in Male Recreational Athletes. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(6):728-733.
16. Martin LJ, Touaibia M. Improvement of Testicular Steroidogenesis Using Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids for Prevention of Late-Onset Male Hypogonadism. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(3):237. Published 2020 Mar 13. doi:10.3390/antiox9030237